Jun 06, 2006 mutations of esterase 3 confer two forms of organophosphate resistance on contemporary australasian lucilia cuprina. A method for the detection and measurement of insecticide. Calliphoridae, bulletin of entomological research, 84, 03, 355, 1994. The sheep blowfly lucilia cuprina has become a model system for the study of insecticide resistance. The results suggest that selection may occur following exposure of larvae to sublethal concentrations and help to explain the relative rates of the development of resistance to dieldrin and. Request pdf aspects of insecticide resistance in new zealand strains of the sheep blowflies, lucilia cuprina and lucilia sericata a treated surface bioassay was used to detect insecticide. The sequential development of insecticide resistance problems. Insecticide resistance in sheep blowfly larvae flyboss. Clarke department of genetics, university of melbourne, parkville, australia 3052 genetic evidence suggests that the evolution of resistance to the insecticide diazinon in lucilia cuprina initially produced an increase in asymmetry. The major gene for resistance to diazinon and other organophosphorus.
Resistance, essentially controlled by allelic substitution at the rop 1 locus on chromosome n arnold and whitten. Diazinon resistance, fluctuating asymmetry and fitness in the. Overcoming insecticide resistance through computational. Genetic basis of resistance to diazinon in victorian populations of the australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina. Organophosphorus resistance in the sheep blowfly, lucilia. Lucilia cuprina is a species of blow fly characterized by a metallic outer appearance and reddish eyes. We report here that the single amino acid replacement associated with diazinon.
The relevance of changes in the fitness sets of insecticide resistance genotypes. Sales, cross resistance spectra and effects of synergists in insecticide resistant strains of lucilia cuprina diptera. Crossresistance patterns among lucilia cuprina diptera. Csiro publishing australian journal of biological sciences. Specific resistance to the organophosphorus insecticide malathion in the rm strain of the australian sheep blow fly, lucilta cuprina wiedemann, is controlled by an incompletely dominant gene on chromosome 4. The resistance status to diazinon based organophosphorus insecticides has been examined in the sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina, a recent arrival to new zealand. Initial studies of fieldselected strains revealed the influence of. Lucilia cuprina is a commonly used species in the field of forensic entomology.
Lucilia cuprina lines, previously characterised by their resistance to diazinon and malathion, were tested for their resistance to another organophosphate, propetamphos. Analysis of the laboratorygenerated resistant variants provides an explanation for this observation. A treated surface bioassay was used to detect insecticide resistance to five organophosphorus insecticides diazinon, chlorfevinphos, chlorpyrifos, dichlofenthion and propetamphos, the synthetic pyrethroid, deltamethrin, and the insect growth regulator, diflubenzuron, in larvae of field strains of lucilia cuprina, and diazinon in lucilia sericata from 1990 to 1997. Oct 15, 2019 the sheep blowfly lucilia cuprina has become a model system for the study of insecticide resistance. The effect of genetic background on the fitness of diazinon resistance genotypes of the australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina.
A cluster of at least three esterase genes in lucilia cuprina includes malathion carboxylesterase and two other esterases implicated in resistance to organophosphates. Selection for insecticide resistance in the australian. Resistance, essentially controlled by allelic substitution at the rop 1 locus. Given this predictive capacity for known resistances, the approach was extended to anticipate possible mechanisms of resistance to cyromazine, an insecticide to which l. Ecological and population genetics of insecticide resistance in the australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina. While the development of resistance to malathion can be easily explained by natural selection, resistance to diazinon is. Genetic basis of a specific resistance to malathion in the. Subsequent evolution in natural populations selected modifiers to ameliorate these effects. We report here that the single amino acid replacement associated with diazinon resistance and two. Pmc free article mckenzie ja, dearn jm, whitten mj. This species has been found in samples of larvae from flystruck stock since 1984 in new zealand bishop 1993 and is fast becoming a common pest species, occurring in up to 70% of strikes. The development of insecticide resistance in insect populations has been studied in considerable detail.
We compared the level of asymmetry of three bristle characters and three wing. Abstract resistance to diflubenzuron in the australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina, has rendered this insecticide incapable of preventing flystrike in sheep from a few districts in eastern australia. All lines tested showed no difference in propetamphos tolerance, regardless of their resistance to diazinon, malathion or both. Proteomic analysis of glutathione transferases from lucilia. Dieldrin resistance in lucilia cuprina the australian sheep blowfly. Monitoring and selection of resistance to pyrethroids in the. Similarly, use of acaricides has led to resistance in onehost boophilus ticks to all currentlyused organophosphatecarbamates, synthetic pyrethroids and amidines. Pdf multiple mutations and gene duplications conferring. Eventually the improved estimations of the log lc 50 values were used to determine the relative potency of insecticides against both blowfly strains. Identification, analysis, and linkage mapping of expressed. Proteomic analysis of glutathione transferases from. The phenomenon of insecticide resistance is proving an informative model for studying.
Insecticide resistance and malathion carboxylesterase in the sheep. The sibling species lucilia cuprina and lucilia sericata have become primary. Insecticide resistance and malathion carboxylesterase in the sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina. Implications of insecticide resistance for the control of.
The results suggest that selection may occur following exposure of larvae to sublethal concentrations and help to explain the relative rates of the development of resistance to dieldrin and diazinon byl. Separate lines of blowflies were established by homozygosis of the fourth chromosome of the parental rm strain. Insecticide resistance and malathion carboxylesterase in the sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina article pdf available in biochemical genetics 321. Diazinon resistance, fluctuating asymmetry and fitness in the australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina. Calliphoridae is a destructive pest of the sheep, a model organism for insecticide resistance research, and a valuable tool for medical and forensic professionals.
Genomic technologies are revealing several mechanisms of insecticide resistance involving enhanced detoxification or reduced targetsite sensitivity that had previously defied molecular analyses. Insecticide resistance status of lucilia cuprina in new zealand using. Insecticide resistance, lucilia cuprina, bovicola ovis introduction control of sheep ectoparasites is currently an integration of sheep husbandry, farm management and insecticide use. The information known about the species designates l. Amplification of dna from preserved specimens shows blowflies. Insecticide resistance and malathion carboxylesterase in. Both the rm and the derived resistant derr strains are approximately 100 times more resistant to malathion than the related. Because of this, lucilia species are known as the bronze bottle flies.
These levels correlate respectively with susceptibility to organophosphorus insecticides, malathion resistance, or diazinon resistance. Genome projects are also revealing some potentially farreaching consequences for pestinsect genomes of the rapid accumulation of multiple resistance mutations in very short periods of. It is concluded that resistance to one structural type of organophosphate does not necessarily. Results of laboratory bioassays against one population demonstrated that, despite extremely. The australian sheep blowfly lucilia cuprina wiedemann diptera. The sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina has developed resistance to at least three classes of insecticides. The sequential development of insecticide resistance problems in lucilia cuprina wied. Insecticide resistance status of lucilia cuprina in new. The genomics of insecticide resistance genome biology. Roxburghthe sequential development of insecticide resistance problems in lucilia cuprina wied. Australia, only the sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina.
Insecticides have served the wool industry well and their cost effectiveness has never been questioned. Amplification of dna from preserved specimens shows. Resistance to the organophosphorus insecticide malathion in genetically related strains of the australian sheep blowflylucilia curprina was examined. Resistance to the organophosphorus insecticide malathion in genetically related strains of the australian sheep blowfly lucilia cuprina was examined. Insecticide resistance in sheep blowfly larvae the development of resistance allows individual insects to survive an exposure to insecticide that would kill individuals from a normal population. Analyses of this genome and the 14,544 predicted proteinencoding genes provide unique insights into the. We investigated the hypothesis that observed higher levels of asymmetry displayed by insecticideresistance genotypes of lucilia cuprina are restricted to bristle characters, due to the action of resistance genes in bristle cell development, rather than through the disruption of genomic coadaptation. Genetic evidence suggests that the evolution of resistance to the insecticide diazinon in lucilia cuprina initially produced an increase in asymmetry. Field and laboratory populations of the australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina wiedemann calliphoridae, were surveyed by bioassay for possible resistance to the synthetic pyrethroids, a group of insecticides under development for blowfly control. However, resistance to insecticides is a widespread and urgent problem, which leads to increased insecticide usage with dire consequences to the environment. Polygenic and single gene responses to selection for. One form, called diazinon resistance, is slightly more effective against commonly used insecticides and is now more prevalent than the other form, called malathion resistance. The resistance status to diazinon based organophosphorus insecticides has been exam ined in the sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina, a recent arrival to new zealand.
Insecticide resistance and resistance mechanisms in bed. These insights have broad implications for designing new methods for the prevention and control of myiasis. Chromosomal localisation of fitness modifiers of diazinon. Resistance and the control of sheep ectoparasites sciencedirect. Insecticide resistance the development of insecticide resistance allows individual insects to survive an exposure to insecticide that would kill individuals from a normal population. Activity of extracts and compounds from new zealand. Previous results demonstrated that modification of the genetic background produced changes in the fitness of genotypes at the diazinon resistance locus in. A lucilia cuprina strain showing susceptibility to a broad range of ops and carbamates but resistance to malathion rm has been described previously raftos and hughes, 1986 and was kindly. Ongoing research is constantly finding more effective ways to put the species to use. Egg implant studies on sheep demonstrate that the relative fitness of resistance genotypes of the sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina, changes over time for the 2 insecticides dieldrin and diazinon. Lucilia cuprina has developed resistance to at least three classes of insecticides that have been used to treat or prevent flystrike on sheep. Strains of lucilia cuprina wiedemann have been characterized as having low, internlcdiate, or high levels of esterasemediated hydrolysis of the organophosphorus insecticide, chlorfenvinphos.
An analysis of gene and genotype frequencies of rdl locus, which determines resistance to dieldrin, provides support for the existence of strong selection operating during larval development on sheep whose. The sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina has developed resistance to at least three classes of insecticides that have been used to treat or prevent flystrike on sheep. They have, perhaps, been too successful leading some. At that time resistant flies were presumed to be at a selective disadvantage in the absence of diazinon. We report here the construction of an embryonic and 2 larval cdna libraries for l. The sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina is a major economic problem for the sheep meat and wool industries in australasia and hence this thesis has attempted the study of the lucilia cuprina gst family, using proteomics, with a view to eventually determining their role in insecticide resistance. The sequential development of insecticide resistance. Oct 29, 1998 a cluster of at least three esterase genes in lucilia cuprina includes malathion carboxylesterase and two other esterases implicated in resistance to organophosphates. Lucilia cuprina genome unlocks parasitic fly biology to. A normal distribution of lc 5 values was found using deltamethrin, the test pyrethroid, with no indication of specific resistance. There are only a limited number of insecticides registered against flystrike so increasing insecticide resistance will have a significant impact on the industry. Diazinon resistance, fluctuating asymmetry and fitness in. Pdf insecticide resistance and malathion carboxylesterase.
The australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina, has evolved resistance to two major classes of insecticide. Previous results demonstrated that modification of the genetic background produced changes in the fitness of genotypes at the diazinon resistance locus in lucilia cuprina mckenzie et al. Pesticides and insecticides are crucial for agricultural productivity, global food security, and control of disease vectors. Monitoring and selection of resistance to pyrethroids in.
Wool producers affected by this situation must find suitable alternatives to protect their flocks. In the light of the variousfindings, it has beenpossible to mrake some progress towards the development ofnew insecticides that are more toxic to the present resistant strains than to normalones. Resistance to the organophosphorus insecticide malathion in genetically. Field studies on insecticide resistance in the australian sheep. Diazinon, an organophosphorus insecticide, was in troduced in 1958 to manage l. The biochemical basis of resistance to organophosphorus. Aspects of insecticide resistance in new zealand strains of. Aspects of insecticide resistance in new zealand strains. Insecticide resistance is defined by the insecticide resistance action committee irac as a heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used according to the label recommendation for that pest species. Pesticides are a costeffective means of flystrike prevention, but insecticide resistance, environ. Egg implant studies on sheep demonstrate that the relative fitness of resistance genotypes of the sheep blowfly,lucilia cuprina, changes over time for the 2 insecticides dieldrin and diazinon.
However, pretreatment with s,s,stributylphosphorothrithioate tbpt reduced the resistance factors of q to three organophosphorus insecticides. The influence of random genetic drift and selection on the genetic response during the evolution of insecticide resistance is discussed. This study does this using diazinon resistance in the australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina. Isofemale lines were generated from four sites to examine. The improved mules operation, midseason crutching and insecticides are important in the management of merino sheep. While the development of resistance to malathion can be easily explained by natural selection, resistance to diazinon is not. Insecticide resistance and malathion carboxylesterase in the sheep blowfly,lucilia cuprina. In addition, a number of new types of resistance have occurred in already resistant species. Organophosphorus resistance in the sheep blowfly,lucilia cuprina. Multiple mutations and gene duplications conferring organophosphorus insecticide resistance have been selected at the rop1 locus of the sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina. A common resistance mechanism against 2 of the most widely used insecticide classes, organophosphates and. Abstract resistance to diflubenzuron in the australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina, has rendered this insecticide incapable of preventing.
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